Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
Urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stress; its motivating force is, in the broadest sense, money. Opportunities to make money mean competition and competition is stressful; it is often at its most intense in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. The presence of huge numbers of people inevitably involves more conflict, more travelling, the overloading of public services and exposure to those deviants and criminals who are drawn to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourished in the relative anonymity of urban life, but today’s ease of movement makes its control more difficult than ever; there is much evidence that its extent has a direct relationship to the size of communities. City dwellers may become trapped in their homes by the fear of crime around them.
As a defence against these developments, city dwellers tend to use various strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves: contacts with other people are generally made brief and impersonal; doors are kept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory; journeys outside the home are usually hurried, rather than a source of pleasure. There are other strategies too which are positively harmful to the individual; for example, reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, all these defensive forms of behaviour are harmful to society in general; they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the community’s concern for its members.Lack of informal social contact and indifference to the misfortunes of others, if they are not personally known to oneself, are amongst the major causes of urban crime.
Inner areas of cities tend to be abandoned by the more successful and left to those who have done badly in the competitive struggle or who belong to minority groups; these people are then geographically trapped because so much economic activity has migrated to the suburbs and beyond.
Present-day architecture and planning have enormously worsened the human problems of urban life.[I]Old-established neighbourhoods have been ruthlessly swept away, by both public and private organisations, usually to be replaced by huge, ugly, impersonal structures.[II]People have been forced to leave their familiar homes, usually to be rehoused in tower blocks which are drab, inconvenient, and fail to provide any setting for human interaction or support.[III]Instead, every effort should be made to conserve the human scale of the environment, and to retain familiar landmarks.[IV]
Overburdening of public service systems
Increasing daily travel time
Higher incidence of mental health problems
Increased levels of conflict among people
strangers
outsiders
offenders
activists
The main difficulty of city life lies in managing crime, which is intensified by the ease of movement and anonymity.
The growth of large cities increases crime and social strain due to today’s ease of movement and overburdened services.
Urban life involves a tension between opportunities and pressures, largely shaped by financial motives and competition.
High population density in cities leads to competition, conflict, and stress among individuals seeking economic success.
urban chances, wealth, and rewards
rising urban stress, crime, and fear
the rich pickings of great cities
city dwellers trapped in their homes
A significant factor in city crime is the absence of casual social interaction and a lack of concern for strangers’ problems.
People who do not have personal acquaintances in the city are more likely to become victims of crime and misfortune.
Urban crime is primarily driven by the fact that city dwellers do not know how to help strangers who are in trouble.
The main cause of crime in urban areas is that residents are too busy to establish formal social contacts with their neighbors.
aggressively
compassionately
indifferently
efficiently
Old neighbourhoods were improved and replaced by large modern buildings that strengthened community interaction and support.
Urban residents often adopt impersonal behaviours that contribute to greater psychological pressure and decreased social isolation.
The more affluent move out of inner-city areas, leaving poorer groups confined to places where economic activity has shifted to the suburbs.
There might be little or no significant correlation between the scale of a community and the scope of criminal activity within it.
Measures aimed at reducing crime are unlikely to succeed unless individuals alter their defensive behaviours and increase social interaction.
Efforts to strengthen social cohesion in cities may be limited in effectiveness only if underlying structural and environmental issues remain unaddressed.
Preserving aspects of traditional urban environments could play a role in mitigating certain social and psychological problems in cities.
Expanding economic activity beyond city centres would likely reduce inequality and improve social conditions for disadvantaged urban populations.
Financial motives in cities lead to social strain, which is exacerbated by flawed architectural design and defensive behaviors that undermine community structures.
Urban life offers financial rewards but creates individual stress and social isolation, which are further worsened by poor architectural planning and rising criminal activities.
The inherent stresses and dangers of urban life, exacerbated by individual coping mechanisms and flawed urban development, lead to societal breakdown and increased crime.
Urban life provides economic wealth but causes social conflict and individual fear, while modern planning fails to support human interaction and prevent widespread community crime.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 11 to 15.
a – d – b – c – e
b – e – a – d – c
d – e – a – b – c
d – a – b – c – e
b – c – a
c – a – b
c – b – a
a – c – b
c – b – a – e – d
c – e – d – b – a
d – e – a – b – c
d – b – a – e – c
Read the following article and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 16 to 21.
Embrace Imperfection and Stop Pleasing Everyone
Many people feel pressure to stay busy, satisfy others, and complete too (16) ______ tasks each day. However, some readers have discovered that doing less can improve both happiness and well-being. By reducing unnecessary (17) ______, they have gained more time, energy, and peace of mind.
One important lesson is to stop trying to please everyone. Accepting short (18) ______ of discomfort and allowing (19) ______ to solve their own problems can protect emotional energy. Another is to accept that things do not need to be perfect. For instance, choosing a suitable travel plan quickly instead of searching endlessly can save time and reduce stress.
People can also (20) ______ phone calls instead of sending constant messages. Planning regular downtime, taking short breaks, and focusing on one important task at a time may also make life easier. Doing less does not mean achieving less. (21) ______, it can help people live more calmly, clearly, and effectively.
many
few
much
little
demands
impulses
appeals
standards
intervals
levels
moments
stages
another
others
other
the others
switch to
check out
catch on
call for
In addition
As a result
In comparison
Instead
Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 22 to 27.
JOIN OUR CREATIVE TEAM
“Are you prepared to dedicate yourself to working collaboratively with a team of like-minded professionals? Are you (22) ______ to apply your education, experience, and creativity in a meaningful way? If so, this opportunity may be exactly what you are looking for. Karning Creative Designs is currently undergoing expansion, and with our continued success comes your opportunity.
Karning Creative Designs was established ten years ago as a (23) ______ set up in the home of our current CEO and founder, Shirin Navani. Now situated in a modern loft in downtown Hollinson, our company currently employs 25 full-time staff members. We are presently seeking designers and artists (24) ______ to work effectively in a fast-paced, collaborative setting. The ideal candidate should demonstrate a strong ability to work closely (25) ______ colleagues while maintaining exceptional standards of quality.
At Karning, you will have valuable opportunities to interact with clients and (26) ______ business contacts. If you would prefer (27) ______ independently rather than work in large groups while still contributing to a cohesive team, this position could be an excellent fit for you. If you’re ready to join us, contact Salvador Tomassin at 608-555-0144. Apply by March 31.”
fascinating
willing
stimulating
exciting
operation two persons
two-person operation
two persons operation
operation two-person
who is qualified
qualifying
being qualified
qualified
for
on
with
as
hold
take
make
lose
working
to working
to work
work
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 28 to 35.
Exam-Obsessed Schools Leave Youth Unprepared for Work
An “exam-obsessed” school system is leaving young people fundamentally unprepared for the workforce, according to Alan Milburn. The former cabinet minister, currently leading a government-commissioned review into young people and work, argues that the current model is “brilliant at sorting young people by academic ability” but “poor at equipping them for adult life.” Milburn’s intervention highlights a growing disconnect between classroom priorities and the demands of a fast-changing labour market, where employers frequently report that school leavers are simply not-work-ready.
New YouGov polling of over 1,000 teachers reinforces this concern, with 74% stating there is too much emphasis on passing exams. Furthermore, 73% of educators believe there is insufficient focus on developing essential “soft skills” or preparing pupils for employment. The data reveals a troubling trend: six in ten teachers say young people’s soft skills have worsened over the past five years, while 66% believe overall readiness for work has declined.This serves as a “gauntlet” to policymakers to bridge the gap between academic standards and employability.
Milburn insists that high educational standards and real-world skills are not competing priorities. Instead, he advocates for a curriculum fostering the attributes young people need to succeed - communication and collaboration skills, agility and creativity — alongside formal qualifications. Teachers largely support this shift, with 98% backing universal careers advice and 92% supporting vocational pathways before age 16. There is a clear consensus that the system must provide alternative routes for those who struggle under the current high-stakes testing regime without lowering overall standards.
The review comes as official statistics show nearly 1 million 16- to 24-year-olds are not in education, employment, or training (Neet). Milburn warns that a system judged more on exam results than student destinations will face increasing scrutiny. To reverse the rise in youth inactivity, he calls for stronger links with employers and expanded access to meaningful work experience, asserting that government ambition must be matched by “action at scale” to ensure long-term economic and social success.
neglecting
providing
challenging
modifying
ample
inadequate
deficient
complete
the perceived lack of sufficient focus on developing essential soft skills
the excessive emphasis on passing exams in the current school system
the YouGov polling results involving over 1,000 teachers nationwide
the declining trend in soft skills and overall work readiness among youth
Milburn suggests that real-world skills should be prioritized over maintaining high educational standards.
Milburn thinks that achieving high educational standards makes it impossible to develop real-world skills.
Milburn argues that high educational standards and real-world skills can and should be pursued together.
Milburn believes that academic excellence and practical abilities should be treated as separate goals.
teamwork
creativity
leadership
flexibility
The government’s goals require large-scale action to secure lasting economic and social prosperity.
The number of young people not in education, employment, or training is currently approximately one million.
Wide agreement favors creating alternative paths for struggling students while maintaining rigorous academic standards.
Milburn suggests classroom priorities are already well aligned with labour market expectations and student outcomes.
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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 36 to 40.
Many students assume that mathematical ability is inherited — that people either possess a natural talent for math or they do not. (36) ______. Over time, students who achieve the most success tend to be those who consistently put in effort, rather than those with the highest intelligence. For these learners, perseverance, rather than innate talent, (37) ______.
In her book Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, (38) ______. Building on this idea, she argues that a student’s mindset strongly influences how they respond to challenges. Those with a “fixed mindset” tend to believe their abilities are limited, so they often give up when faced with difficulty. In contrast, students with a “growth mindset” view challenges as opportunities to develop their skills. They understand that intelligence can be improved through practice and experience, and are therefore more willing to persist.
A similar idea is presented by Geoff Colvin in Talent Is Overrated. He emphasizes the importance of “deliberate practice,” (39) ______. Although natural talent may provide an initial advantage, it is long-term dedication that ultimately leads to success. As one teacher notes, it is uncommon for a hardworking student to fail. Developing the right mindset is therefore essential. When students believe in their ability to improve and are encouraged to work consistently, (40) ______.
In addition, schools should provide more structured support for students who struggle with mathematics
For example, many educators have long believed that mathematical talent is fixed at birth
As a result, intelligence has always been considered the most decisive factor in academic success
However, recent research suggests that inborn ability may be less important than is often believed
is often regarded as a natural ability that cannot be easily developed
plays a central role in achieving long-term academic success
reflects the level of natural intelligence that students are born with
tends to be far less important than intelligence in achieving success
Introducing the idea that individuals’ beliefs about ability can shape their learning outcomes is by Carol Dweck
The idea by Carol Dweck that individuals’ beliefs about ability can shape their learning outcomes are introduced
That individuals’ beliefs about ability can shape their learning outcomes are the idea by Carol Dweck
Carol Dweck introduces the idea that individuals’ beliefs about ability can shape their learning outcomes
whose focused and sustained effort helps to improve performance over time
which involves focused and sustained effort to improve performance
involved in focused and sustained effort to improve performance effectively
which involves focused and sustained effort, improving performance over time
they are more likely to overcome challenges and achieve their full potential
the likelihood of overcoming challenges and achieving their full potential is greatly diminished
they stand a slim chance of overcoming challenges and achieving their full potential
overcoming challenges and achieving their full potential seems increasingly unlikely
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