Bài đọc 2: GDP and the Well-being Economy Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each o…

Bài đọc 2: GDP and the Well-being Economy

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 27 to 34.

For decades, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been the paramount metric for gauging a nation’s success. Created in the 1930s to track industrial production,it was never designed to be a definitive measure of human welfare. By focusing strictly on market transactions, GDP ignores the value of unpaid domestic work and, more critically, fails to account for the depletion of natural resources.

In light of modern environmental and social crises, the concept of a “Well-being Economy” has gained significant traction. This framework suggests that the goal of government policy should be to ensure that every person can live a dignified life on a healthy planet. Countries like Iceland, Scotland, and New Zealand have already begun integrating these principles into their national budgets, shifting the focus from purely financial growth to indicators like mental health and housing quality.

One notable alternative is the Happy Planet Index (HPI), which evaluates how efficiently nations use their environmental resources to support long, happy lives for their citizens. Unlike GDP, the HPI penalizes countries with a high ecological footprint, even if their economies are booming. Critics, however, argue that such indices rely too heavily on subjective self-reporting, which can be influenced by cultural biases and may not provide a stable basis for international comparison.

Despite these debates, the transition toward more holistic metrics seems inevitable. As climate change and wealth inequality continue to pose existential threats,the traditional obsession with “growth at any cost” is being replaced by a more balanced approach. Ensuring a sustainable future requires a fundamental redesign of how we define and pursue progress.